Cambridge Bay

Cambridge Bay, (Inuinnaqtun: Iqaluktuuttiaq Inuktitut: ᐃᖃᓗᒃᑑᑦᑎᐊᖅ; 2006 population 1,477;^[3] UA population 1,147^[4]) named for Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, is a hamlet located in the Kitikmeot Region of Nunavut, Canada. The traditional Inuinnaqtun name for the area is Ikaluktuutiak (old orthography) or Iqaluktuttiaq (new orthography) meaning "good fishing place".

The traditional language of the area is Inuinnaqtun and is written using the Latin alphabet rather than the syllabics of the Inuktitut writing system. Like Kugluktuk, Bathurst Inlet and Umingmaktok syllabics are rarely seen and used mainly by the Government of Nunavut.^[6][7]

Cambridge Bay is the largest stop for passenger and research vessels traversing the Arctic Ocean's Northwest Passage,^[8] a disputed area which the Government of Canada claims are Canadian Internal Waters, while other nations state they are either territorial waters or international waters.^[9][10]

Location and population

Situated between Dease Strait^[11] and Queen Maud Gulf^[12] on the southeast coast of Victoria Island (Kitlineq^[13]), part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago,^[14] Cambridge Bay is a transportation and administrative centre for the Kitikmeot Region.^[15] To the north of the community is Ferguson Lake (Inuinnaqtun: Tahiryuaq or Tahikyoak)^[16] which flows into Wellington Bay via the Ekalluk River. The Ekalluk River is both an important commercial fishing and archaeological area,^[17] and of particular importance is the short section of the river known as Iqaluktuuq.^[18]

About 37 km (23 mi) west of the community lie the Finlayson Islands which were surveyed by Sir Richard Collinson on board the Enterprise during his search for Sir John Franklin's lost expedition.^[19]

The area was a traditional hunting and fishing location and archaeological sites are often found. Barren-ground Caribou, muskox, Arctic char, lake trout and Ringed Seal were the primary, and remain important food sources. Situated east of Cambridge Bay is Ovayok Territorial Park, which includes the large esker known as Ovayok (Mount Pelly).^[20]

As of the 2006 census the population was 1,477, an increase of 12.8% from the 2001 census.^[3][21] The median age of the population is 26.3 and 69.3% of the people are over 15.^[3] Both of these figures are slightly higher than the numbers for Nunavut as a whole (23.1 and 66.1%).^[3] In 2006, 82.7% (Nunavut: 85.0%) of the population were listed as Aboriginal and 17.7% (Nunavut: 15%) as non-Aboriginal. Of the total population 78.9% (Nunavut: 84%) were Inuit, 1.7% (Nunavut: 0.4%) Métis and 1.4% (Nunavut: 0.3%) North American Indian.^[22]

History

The first known people to occupy the area were the Pre-Dorset people, somewhere around 1800 BCE, about 4,000 years ago, and were seal and caribou hunters.^[23] The next group to enter the area were a Paleo-Eskimo peoples known as the Dorset's, who arrived approximately 500 CE. They were the first known people to have fished for the Arctic char.^[24] The last of the Paleo-Eskimo people, who appeared here about 800 CE, were the Tuniit, and evidence of their living quarters can be seen close to Cambridge Bay. The Tuniit, who were known to the Inuit as giants, were taller and stronger than the Inuit, but were easily scared off.^[25][26]

The next group to arrive were the Thule people, ancestors of the modern Inuit, who arrived in the area around 1250 CE from present day Alaska. The Thule people built food cache and stone houses in the area and were noted for their sophisticated tools.^[27] Although there is no positive evidence it is suspected that the Thule may have interacted with the Tuniit.^[25]

About 500 years ago, around 1500 CE, the modern Inuit made an appearance. Like the Thule they made use of caches, hunted caribou and fished for char. They also hunted seal from the ice in winter and returned to the land in spring. They were also know to make use of inukhuk and built igluit.^[28] Although they had no collective name, the various groups of Inuit that made use of native copper for tools have since become known as Copper Inuit and are the same people that Vilhjalmur Stefansson called the Blond Eskimos.^[29][30] The main groups that lived or interacted in the Cambridge Bay area were the Ekalluktogmiut (Iqaluktuurmiutat^[18] or Ikaluktuurmiut), Ahiagmiut (Ahiarmiut), the Killinirmuit and the Umingmuktogmiut.^[31]

Cambridge Bay was the site of Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) and Hudson's Bay Company outposts established during the 1920s. Although at this point most Inuit would have continued the traditional lifestyle and only visited the area rather than live there permanently.^[32] The HBC opened a post here in 1921, later than in most places, and built at the site now called the "old town".^[12][32] In 1925 the HBC purchased the Maud, which they renamed the Baymaud, from the creditors of Arctic explorer, Roald Amundsen. The ship sailed to the Arctic in 1926 but it became stuck in the winter ice at Cambridge Bay. The ship was later anchored near the shore and used for various purposes including the first ever radio weather reports from the Arctic coast.^[33] In 1930 the ship sank and, although some material was removed at the time, the ship is still visible.^[33]

In 1947 following World War II the Cambridge Bay LORAN Tower was built near the previous location of Cambridge Bay.^[32] The construction of the LORAN tower involved hiring Inuit who, after the tower was complete, remained in the area.^[32] In 1954 construction was completed on the Roman Catholic Church. The church, Cambridge Bay's first, was constructed from local material using seal oil and sand as mortar, and was used for services until the 1960s.^[32][34] In 2006, a large portion of the church, which had been designated a heritage site by the Hamlet Council, was destroyed by fire which the RCMP said was deliberate.^[34][35]

A Distant Early Warning Line site was established in 1955 and about 200 Inuit were hired to help in the construction.^[32] The military presence and the services and economy this represented acted as a magnet for Inuit who had previously used the area as a temporary site for meeting, hunting, fishing and trade, and a permanent community was soon established across the bay in its current location.^[32] Unlike the majority of the DEW Line radar sites which were abandoned or automated, this site which changed in 1989, known as CAM-MAIN, remains a manned operation, with about 18 people, as part of the North Warning System.^[36][37]

Originally part of the Fort Smith Region, Northwest Territories, Cambridge Bay became the administrative centre for the Kitikmeot Region, Northwest Territories, and remained so after the 1999 division of the Northwest Territories. In 1982 a division plebiscite was held. Although about 80% of the population then living in what is now Nunavut voted in favour of division, Cambridge Bay was one of only two communities to vote against division, Kugluktuk, then called Coppermine, was the other.^[38]

During his campaign for the January 2006 Canadian federal election, Conservative Party leader Stephen Harper unveiled an Arctic Defence plan which would establish a permanent Arctic training school near Cambridge Bay.^[39] In August 2007, Harper announced that the training base would be in Resolute Bay, Nunavut.

High Arctic Research Station

Cambridge Bay will be the location of Canada's new High Arctic Research Station, as was announced by Prime Minister Harper on 24 August 2010. This station will be built as an integral part of Canada's Northern Stategy and serves political purposes -such as asserting Canada's sovereignty in the high north- as much as concrete research objectives. Cambridge Bay was chosen after a feasibility study that also included Pond Inlet and Resolute Bay as potential locations. It will be a year-round, multidisciplinary facility exploring the cutting-edge of Arctic science and technology issues; opening is foreseen in 2017. Total costs are as yet unknown, but pre-construction design alone is budgeted at 18 million (Canadian) dollars.^[40][41]

Education

Several educational services are available, including daycare, preschool, Kullik Elementary School, Killinik High School, and a public library and museum located in the high school.^[42][12][43] The community is also the regional centre for the Kitikmeot Campus of Nunavut Arctic College who oversee the Cambridge Bay Community Learning Centre. Courses range from Adult Basic Education to the Nunavut Teacher Education Program (NETP), which, in partnership with the University of Regina, is able to offer a Bachelor of Education.^[44][45][46]

Land claims

The Kitikmeot Inuit Association, Nunavut Impact Review Board, and Nunavut Planning Commission have offices in Cambridge Bay, as well as the Lands and Resources Department of Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated.^{[47][48][49][50]}

Religion

There are three churches in Cambridge Bay, St. George's Anglican Church, which is part of the Diocese of Arctic, Our Lady of the Arctic Roman Catholic Church, which is part of the Diocese of Mackenzie-Fort Smith and the Glad Tidings Pentecostal Church.^[51][52][53]

Economy and infrastructure

There are several businesses in the community and these include a Northern Store which includes a Quick Stop, selling KFC and Pizza Hut products,^[54] the Ikaluktutiak Co-operative, part of the Arctic Co-operatives Limited,^[55], a branch of the Royal Bank of Canada^[56] and a Canada Post postal service.^[57] Other community businesses include Jago Services, plumbing and electrical,^[58] Kitnua, construction, mechanics shop, heating fuel and Kitikmeot Supplies, a hardware store,^[59] Kalvik Enterprises and Nanook Woodworking, both construction companies^[60][61] and Inukshuk Enterprises, a general contractor, who also operate a service garage^[62]

There are three taxi services, one run by the Co-op, Go Cargo Taxi and Wolf Tracks Taxi.^[63] There is a modern health centre in the community that opened in 2005 and in 2010 the birthing centre was opened.^[64] There is a RCMP detachment in Cambridge Bay and the Kitikmeot Law Centre has its offices in the community.^[65][66] There are two hotels, the Arctic Islands Lodge, run by the Co-op and the Green Row operated by Inukshuk Enterprises.^[67][68]

Phone service is provided by Northwestel and with their subsidiary Latitude Wireless the also handle cell phone coverage.^[69][70] Buildings in Cambridge Bay, like in most Nunavut communities, have a water and sewage tank indoors that require regular services. These services along with garbage pick-up are done by the Hamlet.^[71]

Media

Radio

In addition to a community radio station, Cambridge Bay is served by two CBC Radio One transmitters, rebroadcasting the stations from both Iqaluit and Inuvik, Northwest Territories.

• FM 97.7 – CFBI, community radio^[72]
• FM 101.9 – CFFB-1, CBC Radio One^[73]
• FM 105.1 – CBIN, CBC Radio One^[74]

Television

• Channel 9 – CBENT, CBC North^[75]

Cable television is available from the local Co-op^[55] and satellite television from either Shaw Direct or Bell TV.

Internet services

• QINIQ, broadband Internet service provider for Nunavut
• Polarnet, Internet Service provider for the Kitikmeot region^[76]
• Netkaster, satellite Internet service provided by Northwestel^[77]

Transportation

Although Cambridge Bay lies on the Northwest Passage there are no passenger ships other than tourist cruises. Northern Transportation Company Limited, owned by NorTerra, and Nunavut Sealink and Supply, owned by Arctic Co-operatives Limited, provide annual sealift to the community.^[78][79]

The only passenger services are through the Cambridge Bay Airport from which daily air service to the south, Yellowknife, and to the other Kitikmeot Region communities with Canadian North or First Air.^[80][81]

Charter and MEDIVAC (air ambulance) services are provided by the locally based Adlair Aviation.^[82] In the summer floatplane charters are provided by DAL Aviation from the Cambridge Bay Water Aerodrome.^[83]

Climate

Cambridge Bay has a Polar climate, no month having an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher, and is listed as Group E on the Köppen climate classification.^[84]

Sun below the horizon, polar night, from 30 November to 11 January and above the horizon, midnight sun, 19 May to 22 July.^[86]

Notable residents

• Stephen Angulalik, an Ahiarmiut fur trader and trading post operator at Kuugjuaq (Perry River).^[87]
• Bill Lyall, was a member of the 8th Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly from 1975–1979, he was later awarded the Order of Canada for his work with the Arctic Cooperative^[88][89]
• Helen Maksagak, the first woman and the first Inuk to be Commissioner of the Northwest Territories (1995–1999) and the first Commissioner of Nunavut (1999–2000), she was awarded the Order of Canada for her work.^[90]
• Kelvin Ng, won the 1995 election and the first Nunavut election in 1999 representing the Cambridge Bay riding.^[91]
• Red Pedersen, worked with Stephen Angulalik while at Perry River^[92] and was elected in both the 1993 NWT election and the 1997 NWT election.
• Keith Peterson, is the current member of Legislative Assembly of Nunavut having won the in the 2004 election and was acclaimed in the 2008 election.^[91][93] Peterson is the current Minister of Finance and Minister of Justice.^[94]
• Tagaq (Tanya Tagaq Gillis), an Inuk throat singer and painter^[95][96] She has performed at Folk on the Rocks in 2005 and 2010, toured with Björk and released two albums, Sinaa and Auk/Blood.^[97][98][99]
• Kane Tologanak, elected to represent the Central Arctic in the 1979 election.

See also

• Martin Hartwell

References

Further reading

External links

• Official site
• Maps of the region including traditional names
• Bringing our Past into the Future
• Images of Cambridge Bay Youth